Gay Marriage Should Be Legal - 1792 Words

Jack Baker and Michael McConnell walked in the courthouse and payed 10$ and applied for marriage licenses, The clerk refused to give it to them, because he said to them that marriage was with a member of the opposite sex. When the clerk refused Baker, a law student, and McConnell, sued in state court, Baker mentioned the Minnesota statute and how it doesn t mention anything about gender, Baker didn t go down with a fight, he thought it was unconstitutional discrimination on the basis of sex. Baker likened the situation to interracial marriage, and that s when the Supreme Court was intertwined with the situation, since then the Supreme Court passed the ruling that allows gay marriage to be legal in all states. It s truly amazing†¦show more content†¦love is just like we question whether love is real or whether it s fake but we never truly understand love until we ve gotten into it and read the beginning, the middle, and the end. loving somebody shouldn t be sorted out by gend er, ove should be open to whoever you may love or what you love. Will smith once said if anybody can find someone to love them and to help them to this difficult thing that we call life I support that in any shape or form.’ That s what marriage is, to have someone love you and you love them, someone to help you through life and for you to help them, so why take away from someone in the first place. Obama says the Supreme Court ruling will strengthen all of our communities by offering dignity and equal status to all same-sex couples and their families. The President calls the ruling a victory for America.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Obama is right, The ruling is a victory for America. It shows that people shouldn t be so narrow minded, and it shows how much people care about what s happening around them. We are the only ones who can change the future for America. Fear is built into all of us, when we are scared we cannot think clearly, but sometimes when we re scared, we have a boost of confidence and we become brave. Eleanor Roosevelt once said I believe that anyone can conquer fear by doing the

Economics- Assessment Free Essays

Assessment (Demand and supply) Answer the following 1. Distinguish between a shift of the demand curve for a product and a movement along the product’s demand curve (10 marks) 2. With reference to two different determinants of demand, explain why the demand curve for bicycles might increase. We will write a custom essay sample on Economics- Assessment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Use a diagram to support your answer (10 marks) 3. Distinguish between a shift of the supply curve for a product and a movement along the product’s supply curve (10 marks) 4. With reference to two different determinants of supply, explain why the supply of coffee beans might decrease. Use a diagram to support your answer (10 marks) Assessment advice * Answers tend to resemble each other structurally. * Each should start with a written explanation in which the key economics terms are defined. * This would usually be followed by a diagram to illustrate the theory, followed by a further explanation in which the diagram is explained in the context of the specific question. * Be sure to use arrows to show directions of change in the diagrams and refer to any changes in the variables. Assessment criteria (Each question carries 10 marks) Level Marks 0 The work does not reach a standard described by the descriptors below. 0 1 There is little understanding of the specific demands of the question. Relevant economic terms are not defined. There is very little knowledge of relevant economic theory. There are significant errors. 1–3 2 There is some understanding of the specific demands of the question. Some relevant economic terms are defined. There is some knowledge of relevant economic theory. There are some errors. –6 3 There is understanding of the specific demands of the question. Relevant economic terms are defined. Relevant economic theory is explained and applied. Where appropriate, diagrams are included and applied. Where appropriate, examples are used. There are few errors. 7–8 4 There is clear understanding of the specific demands of the question. Relevant economic terms are clearly defined. Relevant economic theory is clearly explained an d applied. Where appropriate, diagrams are included and applied effectively. Where appropriate, examples are used effectively. There are no significant errors. 9–10 How to cite Economics- Assessment, Papers

Critical Appraisal of a Paper

Question: Discuss about theCritical Appraisal of a Paper. Answer: The essay deals with the critical appraisal of the paper Cryptosporidiosis outbreak in visitors of a UK industry-compliant petting farm caused by a rare Cryptosporidium parvum subtype: a case-control study by (Utsi et al. 2016) and includes the analysis of the strength and weakness of the study along with the appropriateness of the study design and method of investigation. Based on the critical review the author finally draws a conclusion about the study. The purpose of the study is to understand the Cryptosporidium infection and its mechanism of transmission in an outbreak that occurred in the petting farm in England. The purpose of this study is to communicate the risks of infection to the farm visitors and prevent the future Cryptosporidium outbreaks. The researcher has conducted the case-control study for investigating Cryptosporidium outbreaks. The investigation also includes environmental and microbiological analysis. This study design is justified because it involves participants who have suffered the condition. It helps to understand an outcome and then is traced back to inspect exposures. It is justified as involves retrospection rather than using previously existing data (1). The researcher has used the snowball sampling to investigate 32 cases and 32 controls. There was a total of 22 cases in which Cryptosporidium parvum gp60 subtype was found to be present in lamb fecal particles. The target population was mainly farm visitors. The sample selected had the illness in the fourteen days after they visited the farm with abdominal pain, fever, and vomiting being prominent. The secondary cases included non-visitors to the farm and showed symptoms after contact with the primary cases. The sample is representative of the target population as the farm visitors were the at-risk population. However, the immediate relatives of the cases were not representative of the target population as there is a chance of underestimating the risk association due to misclassification. The researcher should not have used non-random sampling technique as it includes number of potential issues as it is a case-control study (2) The researcher has collected information related to factors of the outbreak using web-based survey method and questionnaires as a primary instrument. The study includes flexibility for the participants as they are allowed to respond either by telephone or email as per the choice. The information was obtained by involving the risk factors in the study and investigating the outcome. The outcome factors were then traced back to exposures. In this study, the key confounder may be the close food and water interaction. Also, there may be direct contact with the animal as Cryptosporidium parvum gp60 subtype was found to be present in lamb fecal particles. The immediate relatives of the confirmed cases may have diarrhea before due to an absence of adequate toilet facilities. However, the researcher has investigated the cleanliness of the animal to adjust the confounders and the hand washing facilities. The other confounders such as people living in the same locality having diarrhea and other factors were not managed. Children may also drink water while bathing that may have confounding effects. In conclusion, all the confounders were not managed (3). The potential factor of bias includes engaging both laboratory-confirmed as well as probable cases leading to misclassification. Further, the control group too may contain asymptomatic carriers that will reduce the true identification of the risk factors. Conclusively, this may affect the risk elimination in people by effecting the number of the people seeking healthcare. The statistical analysis involved in this study was Multivariable logistic regression where the results were tested for significance at 95% confidence interval. It is appropriate for the study to link the criterion with and several predictors. However, there should be larger sample population for each set of explanatory variable (4). According to (5) logistic regression provides the strength of the association with a quantified value. The result findings revealed that Cryptosporidium infection is transmitted due to eating without washing hands in open farms. The major risk of the infection is the lack of verbal information given to the farm visitors in the petting farm. Therefore, risk awareness and hand hygiene are essential factors in determining infection. The researcher has well presented the purpose and objective of the study along with background and significance. The strength of the study is the statistical significance of the results as well as implies health importance that may be beneficial in eliminating future risks by staff supervision and training. However, non-random sampling technique is the limitation of the study as it includes a chance of misclassification in this case study. Further, (6) conducted similar studies believed that asymptomatic carriers may lead to underestimation of true risk exposure and association. The researcher has carefully reviewed previously collected data related to cryptosporidiosis outbreaks and identified its drawbacks. The drawbacks were eliminated in this study which constitutes the strength of the study. According to (7), case-control studies may not generate valuable information if the study is subjected to bias and also it does not generate incidence data. The weakness of the case-control study is that it cannot clearly establish the temporal relationship between the effect and the supposed cause (8). Further limitations include restriction of the sample to those identified through the routine surveillance methods. It may lead to underestimation of the actual size of the outbreak. Sample size appears to be other weakness in this study. According to (9), limited sample size decreases the chance of detecting the significant risk association. Considering the strength and weakness of the study, it can be concluded that the results are not valid. The researcher has not intended to adjust the confounders which are the most preferred method of multivariate analysis in non-randomized studies (10). The study demonstrates association but not the causation of the zoonotic infection. The researcher, however, did not highlight the validity of the research methods. The author concludes that the hygiene compliance and risk awareness in farm visitors can address the challenge of infection due to cryptosporidiosis. As a critique, I agree with the study conclusion. Assuming the results to be valid, it may have positive implication for the public health. Dissemination of the results is effective in communicating the risk factors and helps develop strategies to minimize the adverse outcomes. Conclusively, the research paper has identified the association of the risk but not the causation. The essay has presented the merits and demerits of the study and has enlightened my knowledge about case-control studies. This will be useful in conducting systematic review and meta-analysis in future. References Tam CC, Rodrigues LC, Viviani L, Dodds JP, Evans MR, Hunter PR, Gray JJ, Letley LH, Rait G, Tompkins DS, O'Brien SJ. Longitudinal study of infectious intestinal disease in the UK (IID2 study): incidence in the community and presenting to general practice. Gut. 2012 Jan 1;61(1):69-77. Del Coco VF, Crdoba MA, Bilbao G, de Almeida Castro AP, Basualdo JA, Fayer R, Santn M. Cryptosporidium parvum GP60 subtypes in dairy cattle from Buenos Aires, Argentina. Research in veterinary science. 2014 Apr 30;96(2):311-4. Caccio SM, Putignani L. Epidemiology of human cryptosporidiosis. InCryptosporidium: parasite and disease 2014 (pp. 43-79). Springer Vienna. Clayton D, Hills M, Pickles A. Statistical models in epidemiology. Oxford: Oxford university press; 1993 Jan. Utsi L, Smith SJ, Chalmers RM, Padfield S. Cryptosporidiosis outbreak in visitors of a UK industry-compliant petting farm caused by a rare Cryptosporidium parvum subtype: a case-control study. Epidemiology and infection. 2016 Apr 1;144(05):1000-9. Davies AP, Campbell B, Evans MR, Bone A, Roche A, Chalmers RM. Asymptomatic carriage of protozoan parasites in children in day care centers in the United Kingdom. The Pediatric infectious disease journal. 2009 Sep 1;28(9):838-40. Lange H, JOHANSEN , Vold L, Robertson LJ, Anthonisen IL, Nygard K. Second outbreak of infection with a rare Cryptosporidium parvum genotype in schoolchildren associated with contact with lambs/goat kids at a holiday farm in Norway. Epidemiology and infection. 2014 Oct 1;142(10):2105-13. McWilliams A, Siegel D. Event studies in management research: Theoretical and empirical issues. Academy of management journal. 1997 Jun 1;40(3):626-57. Painter JE, Hlavsa MC, Collier SA, Xiao L, Yoder JS. Cryptosporidiosis surveillanceUnited States, 20112012. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2015 May 1;64(Suppl 3):1-4. Utsi L, Smith SJ, Chalmers RM, Padfield S. Cryptosporidiosis outbreak in visitors of a UK industry-compliant petting farm caused by a rare Cryptosporidium parvum subtype: a case-control study. Epidemiology and infection. 2016 Apr 1;144(05):1000-9.